Westport Electric Corporation - 3372 Words

Management Control System RESPONSIBILITY CENTERS: REVENUE AND EXPENSE CENTERS CASE 4-5. WESTPORT ELECTRIC CORPORATION Disusun Oleh: AVRODYTA ANDRIANTI - 120910006 ACCOUNTING DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS MA CHUNG UNIVERSITY 2013 TABLE OF CONTENT Page COVER †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i TABLE OF CONTENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of Case Study Selection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....... 1 1.2. Motivation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2 1.3. Research Question †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦...... 2 1.4. The Aim / Objectivity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Responsibility Centers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 3†¦show more content†¦3. Research Question Related with responsibility centers in revenue and expense centers, there are a few questions: 1. What should be done to address the glaring discrepancy there on the company budget? 2. What revisions must be made in the budget approval procedure administration staff? 4. The Aim / Objectivity Analysis of the Westport Electric Corporation case study in expected to contribute: 1. To evaluate what needs to be done in overcoming the discrepancies existing in the company budget. 2. To find out what revision should be made in the procedure of approval anggran staff administration. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this part, the researchers wanted to describes and gives an overview about the theory of what is needed to solve the problems raised and theories that are used are as follows: 2.1 Responsibility Centers Charles T. Horngren (1993:542) stated that one of the segments or sub-unit and each organization and manager responsible for a set of specified activities. Higher level managers, wider accountability center which managed and the greater number of subordinates reporting to him. Anthony and Govindarajan (2007:128) stated that responsibility center is an organization unit that is headed by a manager who is responsible for its activities. In a sense, a company is a collection of responsibility centers, each of which is represented by a box on the organizationShow MoreRelatedWestport Electric Company969 Words   |  4 PagesCASE TWO: Westport Electric Corporation Case Context In a meeting, James King, the supervisor of administrative staff budget section of Westport Electric Company, a large manufacturer and seller of electric and electronic products, was discussing his displeasure with the proposed increase in budget of the offices. According to him, these are not justified and are clear indications of faults in the company’s budgeting system. The company currently has six staff offices like those mentionedRead MoreGeneral Electric And Its Swot Analysis1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthis regard, General Electric s diversification approach and its potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats would be discussed further.// Areas of diversification of General Electric and its SWOT Analysis Diversification refers to the expansion of operations by a company in order to grow outside the industry in which it currently deals. In light of this, the diversification areas of General Electric can be highlighted. GE is an American multinational corporation, which is incorporatedRead MoreAnalyzing Chinas Nuclear Energy Plans1008 Words   |  4 Pages(Alon, 2003, p. 3) One of the factors that created the variance in culture is the vast geological differences that impose different life styles based on various resources. Resources: China has vast resources like coal and fossil fuel and hydro electric potential. The problem is the development of the infrastructure. The geological position off resources and the fragmentation of the regions and the poor development of the infrastructure can hamper growth. There is a greater phase of urbanizationRead MoreManagement Control System13700 Words   |  55 PagesCase Study 1: Nucor Corporationand New jersey Insurance co: Notes Case Study 2: Xerox Corporation: Xerox Corporation   Ã‚   Question   No.1   Outline   the  management  control   system  at  XEROX.  Ã‚  What   Are  the  elements  that   makes  the  system  work  ?    Management   Control  System  at  XEROX   Conditions   prior  to  1970. * Rigid System * Emphasis on Accuracy * Setting Unrealistic targets * Inadequate data analysis * Reporting amp; planning process was very long and bureaucraticRead MoreEssay 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair1840 Words   |  8 Pages A Century of Progress Exposition Official Book of Views To describe the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair in a word, one might choose, modern or dazzling, perhaps even outrageous. The fair experimented with modern architecture, dazzling electric illumination, and a daring color scheme meant to reflect the scientific content of the fairs exhibits. The fair featured advancements in all fields of science, ranging from the inner-workings of the automobile engine to the most recent theory onRead MoreToyota Prius3358 Words   |  14 PagesProduct strategies 11 5.3. Pricing strategies 11 5.4. Promotion strategies 11 5.5. Distribution strategies 12 6. Recommendations for change 12 7. Implementation plan 13 8. References A. Appendices 14 14 1. Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is Japanese company and one of the world’s largest automaker. Toyota has created philosophies and techniques which are now implemented commonly in every organisation in the world which is called as the Toyota-style management and manufacturing techniqueRead MoreEssay about Corporate Ethics Program3992 Words   |  16 Pagesonly needing to take care of stockholder interests by creating profits (Wines Hamilton III, 2009). Today, people view the organization as a complex unit made of up many different groups that must be considered. This new definition of an â€Å"ethical corporation† requires not only compliance with the law, but also consideration of the ethical implications of all actions (Epstein Hanson, 2006; Thornton, 2009). â€Å"Ethics are a system of moral principles and behavioral norms intended to express and supportRead MoreEssay about The Persian Gulf War3279 Words   |  14 PagesUnited States was very successful in terms of doi ng what it set out to do and that was to bomb everything that supported Iraqs war. This even includes some civilian facilities. Nothing was safe; Radar installations, military airfields, bunkers, electric power plants, highways, water treatment facilities, and commercial airports were all targets. After only a week, Baghdad had no water or electricity (Stiles, 142). With Baghdad not having water or electricity, this not only affected soldiers, butRead More The Persian Gulf War Essay example3203 Words   |  13 PagesUnited States was very successful in terms of doing what it set out to do and that was to bomb everything that supported Iraq’s war. This even includes some civilian facilities. Nothing was safe; Radar installations, military airfields, bunkers, electric power plants, highways, water treatment facilities, and commercial airports were all targets. After only a week, Baghdad had no water or electricity (Stiles, 142). With Baghdad not having water or electricity, th is not only affected soldiers, butRead MoreEnron Ethical Issue8130 Words   |  33 Pagesconcept:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦.5 2.2 Sample of accounting failure in organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦6 2.2 Ethical issue concept†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.9 3. Research methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...12 4. An insight Case Study Analysis: ENRON Corporation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.12 4.1 company background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4.2 company vision †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4.3 company mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 4.4 company value†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 4.5 Enron organization chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Taliban Essay example - 1565 Words

As I started to think about what aspect of terrorism I wanted to write a paper on, it occurred to me that I didnt really know much about the Taliban group. Which is one of the major terrorist groups in todays society. So I am going to try and explain this group the best that I can. In couple different aspects, one is what their rules are, two how they treat women, and three what types of terrorist acts they have committed. The Taliban group is a group of men who formed in 1994 in the country of Kandahar by Islamic students who took a radical approach to interpreting Islam. The Group also believes in strict Islamic rules. According to them the men must have beards four fingers in length, there shall be no music, Nintendo, and women should†¦show more content†¦The Taliban has some of the most frightening rules for Afghan people: A kite seller will be imprisoned for three days, the owner of a house will be punished if women are heard singing during a wedding, no images or phot ographs are to be posted in public places, there is to be no equipment that produces the joy of music, and even Christmas cards are to be banned. The list goes on and on with the harsh rules and punishment that face the people of Afghanistan. The Taliban claims that they are following the strict codes of Islam, but now it seems that the group is just dictating the country to whatever they seem suitable. The Taliban customs personal would gouge out the images of womens eyes on shampoo bottles, and merchants would have to sell the product with black tape over the women image or face a beating and time in jail. The group of men that run the Taliban regime amaze me on how everything is played out in Afghanistan. The men want a bid into the U.N. but cant even have a country where people arent afraid to walk down the streets in fear of being stoned or shot to death. The second aspect of the regime that really amazed me was how the women are treated under the Taliban rule. Every woman must wear a burqa veil no matter where she is going. If a woman is found outside of her house with out her veil on she can be whipped orShow MoreRelatedTaliban And The Taliban Of Afghanistan889 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most radical religious groups in the world today are known as the Taliban. The Taliban is a â€Å"fundamentalist Muslim group that controlled much of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001† (Maley NP). The Taliban took power after the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. When the Soviet Union left Afghanistan, the Taliban rose to power and took much control of the country. The Taliban leader is Mullah Mohammad Omar. The Taliban in Afghanistan are an IslÄ mic group, that uses harsh rules against Afghanistan’sRead MoreTaliban And The Taliban From Afghanistan3160 Words   |  13 PagesThe Taliban is an extremist Islamic group highly emphasizing a strong interpretation of sharia law that arose in the early 1990s after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanista n. Referencing the BBC article, a common belief holds that the Taliban first emerged in religious seminaries that preached a hard line of Sunni Islam. The Taliban’s promise to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the surrounding area was to restore peace and security using their interpretation of the sharia law once they were inRead MoreHistory of the Taliban1338 Words   |  6 PagesMullah Muhammad Omar, the leader of the Afghanistan Taliban Regime and one of the most wanted men by the United States (U.S.) government. How does a man born to one of the poorest province become one of the most wanted men alive? The U. S. State Department is offering a reward up to ten million dollars for the capture of Mullah Omar. Omar is considered to be a man of mystery, who is highly respected, feared, and stubborn among his people. Omar is said to have ties with al-Qaeda, a known terroristRead MoreThe Emergence Of The Taliban Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesThe beginnings of the Taliban can be tie d back to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan. The defeat of the Soviet’s was due to collaboration among various tribal leaders. The Soviet withdraw and the shift in American foreign policy allowed the emergence of new rivalries and coalitions among different Afghan groups, such as the non-Pashtuns and Pashtuns, Sunnis v Shias, Ghilsais v Durranis and also among the Pashtun tribes themselves. The Soviet withdrawal, ultimately, led to a civil war among local warlordsRead MoreThe Threat Of The Taliban1126 Words   |  5 PagesAfghanistan, making it a hideout for terrorists. Before 9/11, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda had formed relations with the Taliban. Today Afghanistan is still unstable and is vulnerable to Isis. Afghani troops, are not able to stand alone, they don’t have the training they require to fight Isis. Right now the Taliban isn’t a big threat because Isis is a much more extreme version of the Taliban. In Afghanistan women have no rights, society is male domin ant and this shows the US that obviously Afghanistan’sRead MoreThe Taliban Of The Swat Valley1092 Words   |  5 PagesValley’s largest industries, until the area was seized by the Taliban. The Taliban used guns and bombs to terrorize the citizens of the Swat Valley, so citizens would succumb to their way of life. This affected people’s jobs, education and their health. The Swat Valley was just one of the many places that were occupied by the Taliban. The Taliban ruined thousands of lives of those in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Using violence, the Taliban controlled and affected the lives of people in terms of theirRead MoreThe Threat Of The Taliban Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesPrior to its fall, the Taliban was the essential state supporter of Al Qaeda and gave a place of refuge that permitted training camps to be set up in Afghanistan. After the fall of the Taliban, Al Qaeda has extended out to other terrorist amasses in Egypt, Algeria, Pakistan, Yemen, Leban on, and Somalia. In Canada, terrorism exuding from Al-Qaeda-propelled radicalism remains a genuine risk. In spite of late fruitful operations focusing on Al-Qaeda Core, the Service keeps on seeing backing for AQRead MoreTaliban, By Ahmed Rashid1430 Words   |  6 PagesI choose to read Taliban, by Ahmed Rashid, in hopes of gaining a better understanding of radical Islam, and the conditions under which it flourishes. I choose Rashid’s book, because he offers a unique perspective to the region, being a Pakistani journalist he was able to interview most of the Taliban’s major players. This paper will provide as both my subsequent review of his work as well as drawing connections between ISIS and the Taliban’s overall goals and strategies. Rashid’s investigationRead MoreTaking a Look at the Taliban596 Words   |  2 Pages Taliban is a Pashtun nationalist and extremely conservation Muslim movement with encompassing Pashtun ethnic majority. This organization was founded by an extremely inscrutable individual named Mullah Mohammed Omar, and the word Talib is an Arabic word which means Student the follower of this movement which is called Taliban were religious students with a very conservative understanding of Islamic law. Taliban went through three phases starting from September 1994 up to September 1996 they wereRead MoreEssay The Taliban and Afghanistan1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe Taliban and Afghanistan Afghanistan followed the same fate as dozens of formerly Soviet-occupied countries after the collapse of Moscows Marxist government in 1991. Islamic factions, which had united to expel the Russian occupiers in 1992, began to fight among themselves when it became apparent that post-communist coalition governments could not overcome the deep-rooted ethnic and religious differences of the members. It was in this atmosphere of economic strife and civil war that a

Black Robe, by Brian Moore Essay Example For Students

Black Robe, by Brian Moore Essay The novel, Black Robe, by Brian Moore is a story about a young Jesuit priest sent into the wilds to convert a remote tribe of Huron Indians before the oncoming winter closes his window of opportunity to reach them. The reader is shown what everyday life is like in a long since past world when the Indian still roamed and controlled the Americas. Despite its fictional nature, Black Robe provides us with further insight into this time than primary source documents of the day. The story begins in colonial Quebec: the reader is presented with a vivid description of what the city probably looked like when it was still a small settlement still perched on the brink of an untamable wilderness. We see this colony through the eyes of those who live there. The description leaves a perfect view of Quebec in the readers minds eye. As the story proceeds, Father Laforgue meets the Indians whom he will be travelling with. With each time that an Indian speaks, we get a better idea of their language and culture. We are shocked at first at their vulgarity, but the reader eventually realizes that the supposed dirty words carry a different weight in the Indian tongue. This is a very good, if startling demonstration of the fact that the Indians and the white man have very different ideas of manners and conduct. Through the book, the reader learns the intricacies of Indian conduct, ranging from the fact that one must sit when one is going to parley to the lack of farewells and greetings for strangers. On the journey which Father Laforgue makes we learn more about Indian spirituality. The text tells us about Indian Animism, where everything has a soul, right down to the smallest blade of grass. Black Robe offers a plausible explanation as to why the cultures of the Native Americans and the Europeans were completely incompatible. This sort of in depth acquaintance with Indian culture is rare (if at all existent) in any primary source from the same period and location. The fundamental problem with primary sources written from this time period as pointed out by Jane Tompkins Indians is that they are written to convey a certain point of view. This author experienced this problem while trying to write a concrete account of what had happened between Native Americans and European Colonists. Tompkins found that the accounts from various people about the same thing often differed drastically. This sort of contradiction poses a problem for one trying to find a common story to fit all of these wildly differing testimonies. When writing historical fiction, the setting and the major events are generally true to life. The only thing that is left to fiction is the actual plot itself. This gives the author a bit more latitude in deciding what certain people were really like. This is quite unlike the Tompkins situation and the situation of most historians: they must find a theme that fits all accounts. Their job is not to evaluate the accounts they must incorporate, but to incorporate the most accounts possible into one coherent report. The advantage goes clearly to the fictional authors, who have the ability to weed out the truly outlandish testimonies. Tompkins encountered moments in her research that she had two completely opposite accounts. One such occasion is when a minister, Alexander Whitaker, wrote that the Indians were puppets of the devil, and that they esteem it a virtue to lie, deceive and steale as their master the divell teacheth to them. This account can be explained by the fact that the minister wanted to motivate his audience into converting the Indians to Christianity. .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .postImageUrl , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:hover , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:visited , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:active { border:0!important; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:active , .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9 .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue82c365c1623d7dc97697bac796489b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Androgyny Shakespeares Female Characters EssayThe opposite side comes from William Wood, who stated that If it were possible to recount the courtesies they have showed the English, since their first arrival in those parts, it would not only steady belief, that they are a loving people, but also win the love of those who never saw them His motivation was the encouragement of people in Europe to move to the colonies. A historian must accept both of these accounts, but a fictional historian is able to compromise the two into a middle ground and thus create an account that is more likely to be accurate. It would seem that the work of a fictional historian drawing on all available information and compromising between them is more accurate and most likely has greater historical value than the historians account which must somehow encompass both ends of the spectrum. It is because of this reason that Black Robe and other novels like it are more likely to have an accurate depiction of the past than a conglomeration of wildly differing primary sources.

What is popular culture Essay Paper Example For Students

What is popular culture? Essay Paper This involves the theory that culture is mass produced for mass consumption (John Storey, Cultural theory and popular culture, page 10, 1993) and that those consuming are oblivious to their exploitation. This is then connected to a sense that this component of our culture has been imported from America as it is seen by many as the birthplace of commercialisation. In contrast a further theory suggests that those responsible for popular culture are the people themselves, contending other theories that claim it is something enforced upon us by the powerful. We will write a custom essay on What is popular culture? Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This view does leave unanswered questions though, one being who do we define as being the people? Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci has also contributed with the concept of hegemony. The hegemony of a political class meant for Gramisci that class had succeeded in persuading the other classes of society to accept its own moral, political and cultural values (Joll, J 1977, in An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, page 165, Dominic Strinati, 1995). With this Gramsci proposed that dominant groups in society are able to impose themselves over subordinate groups in a bid to gain control over them. The postmodernist has also added to the debate with the idea that there is now no difference between high and popular culture, all culture is in fact post-modern culture. This has resulted in further clouding of the difference between commerce and culture, with the two now often overlapping. And so it is that popular culture is an ever changing terrain that has many influences, be they historical texts such as music or literature, or lived cultures and practices such as religious festivals. A product of industrialisation due to the manner in which the period changed relations within the cultural landscape, it would appear that its interpretation can vary depending on what has influenced the definer, as this quote shows. People are constantly struggling, not merely to figure out what a text means, but to make it mean something that connects to their own lives, experiences, needs and desires. The same text will mean different things to different people, depending on how it is interpreted. And different people have different interpretive resources, just as they have different needs. (Lawrence Grossberg 1992, in Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture, page 6, John Storey, 1996). Bibliography Storey, J. (1993), Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Storey, J. (1996), Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture; Theories and Methods, Edinburgh University Press. Strinati, D. (1995), An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, Routledge. Turner, G. (1990), British Cultural Studies; An Introduction, Unwin Hyman.